module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements

Public Class Methods

new ()
Calls superclass method 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 6
def initialize
  super
  reset_transaction
end

Public Instance Methods

add_transaction_record (record, ensure_finalize = true)

Register a record with the current transaction so that its after_commit and after_rollback callbacks can be called.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 407
def add_transaction_record(record, ensure_finalize = true)
  current_transaction.add_record(record, ensure_finalize)
end
begin_db_transaction ()

Begins the transaction (and turns off auto-committing).

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 412
def begin_db_transaction()    end
begin_isolated_db_transaction (isolation)

Begins the transaction with the isolation level set. Raises an error by default; adapters that support setting the isolation level should implement this method.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 426
def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
  raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "adapter does not support setting transaction isolation"
end
commit_db_transaction ()

Commits the transaction (and turns on auto-committing).

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 431
def commit_db_transaction()   end
default_sequence_name (table, column) 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 453
def default_sequence_name(table, column)
  nil
end
delete (arel, name = nil, binds = [])

Executes the delete statement and returns the number of rows affected.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 212
def delete(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
  sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds)
  exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
end
empty_insert_statement_value (primary_key = nil) 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 485
def empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key = nil)
  "DEFAULT VALUES"
end
exec_delete (sql, name = nil, binds = [])

Executes delete sql statement in the context of this connection using binds as the bind substitutes. name is logged along with the executed sql statement.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 165
def exec_delete(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
  internal_exec_query(sql, name, binds)
end
exec_insert (sql, name = nil, binds = [], pk = nil, sequence_name = nil, returning: nil)

Executes insert sql statement in the context of this connection using binds as the bind substitutes. name is logged along with the executed sql statement. Some adapters support the ‘returning` keyword argument which allows to control the result of the query: `nil` is the default value and maintains default behavior. If an array of column names is passed - the result will contain values of the specified columns from the inserted row.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 157
def exec_insert(sql, name = nil, binds = [], pk = nil, sequence_name = nil, returning: nil)
  sql, binds = sql_for_insert(sql, pk, binds, returning)
  internal_exec_query(sql, name, binds)
end
exec_query (sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], prepare: false)

Executes sql statement in the context of this connection using binds as the bind substitutes. name is logged along with the executed sql statement.

Note: the query is assumed to have side effects and the query cache will be cleared. If the query is read-only, consider using select_all instead.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 147
def exec_query(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], prepare: false)
  internal_exec_query(sql, name, binds, prepare: prepare)
end
exec_update (sql, name = nil, binds = [])

Executes update sql statement in the context of this connection using binds as the bind substitutes. name is logged along with the executed sql statement.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 172
def exec_update(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
  internal_exec_query(sql, name, binds)
end
execute (sql, name = nil, allow_retry: false)

Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection and returns the raw result from the connection adapter.

Setting allow_retry to true causes the db to reconnect and retry executing the SQL statement in case of a connection-related exception. This option should only be enabled for known idempotent queries.

Note: the query is assumed to have side effects and the query cache will be cleared. If the query is read-only, consider using select_all instead.

Note: depending on your database connector, the result returned by this method may be manually memory managed. Consider using exec_query wrapper instead.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 136
def execute(sql, name = nil, allow_retry: false)
  internal_execute(sql, name, allow_retry: allow_retry)
end
high_precision_current_timestamp ()

Returns an Arel SQL literal for the CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for usage with arbitrary precision date/time columns.

Adapters supporting datetime with precision should override this to provide as much precision as is available.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 523
def high_precision_current_timestamp
  HIGH_PRECISION_CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
end
insert (arel, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil, binds = [], returning: nil)

Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record’s ID

id_value will be returned unless the value is nil, in which case the database will attempt to calculate the last inserted id and return that value.

If the next id was calculated in advance (as in Oracle), it should be passed in as id_value. Some adapters support the ‘returning` keyword argument which allows defining the return value of the method: `nil` is the default value and maintains default behavior. If an array of column names is passed - an array of is returned from the method representing values of the specified columns from the inserted row.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 195
def insert(arel, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil, binds = [], returning: nil)
  sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds)
  value = exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk, sequence_name, returning: returning)

  return returning_column_values(value) unless returning.nil?

  id_value || last_inserted_id(value)
end
Also aliased as: create
insert_fixture (fixture, table_name)

Inserts the given fixture into the table. Overridden in adapters that require something beyond a simple insert (e.g. Oracle). Most of adapters should implement insert_fixtures_set that leverages bulk SQL insert. We keep this method to provide fallback for databases like SQLite that do not support bulk inserts.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 467
def insert_fixture(fixture, table_name)
  execute(build_fixture_sql(Array.wrap(fixture), table_name), "Fixture Insert")
end
insert_fixtures_set (fixture_set, tables_to_delete = []) 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 471
def insert_fixtures_set(fixture_set, tables_to_delete = [])
  fixture_inserts = build_fixture_statements(fixture_set)
  table_deletes = tables_to_delete.map { |table| "DELETE FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}" }
  statements = table_deletes + fixture_inserts

  with_multi_statements do
    transaction(requires_new: true) do
      disable_referential_integrity do
        execute_batch(statements, "Fixtures Load")
      end
    end
  end
end
reset_sequence! (table, column, sequence = nil)

Set the sequence to the max value of the table’s column.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 458
def reset_sequence!(table, column, sequence = nil)
  # Do nothing by default. Implement for PostgreSQL, Oracle, ...
end
restart_db_transaction () 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 443
def restart_db_transaction
  exec_restart_db_transaction
end
rollback_db_transaction ()

Rolls back the transaction (and turns on auto-committing). Must be done if the transaction block raises an exception or returns false.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 435
def rollback_db_transaction
  exec_rollback_db_transaction
rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, ActiveRecord::ConnectionFailed
  # Connection's gone; that counts as a rollback
end
rollback_to_savepoint (name = nil) 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 449
def rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil)
  exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name)
end
sanitize_limit (limit)

Sanitizes the given LIMIT parameter in order to prevent SQL injection.

The limit may be anything that can evaluate to a string via to_s. It should look like an integer, or an Arel SQL literal.

Returns Integer and Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral limits as is.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 495
def sanitize_limit(limit)
  if limit.is_a?(Integer) || limit.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
    limit
  else
    Integer(limit)
  end
end
select_all (arel, name = nil, binds = [], preparable: nil, async: false, allow_retry: false)

Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 69
def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [], preparable: nil, async: false, allow_retry: false)
  arel = arel_from_relation(arel)
  sql, binds, preparable, allow_retry = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds, preparable, allow_retry)

  select(sql, name, binds,
    prepare: prepared_statements && preparable,
    async: async && FutureResult::SelectAll,
    allow_retry: allow_retry
  )
rescue ::RangeError
  ActiveRecord::Result.empty(async: async)
end
select_one (arel, name = nil, binds = [], async: false)

Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values as values.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 84
def select_one(arel, name = nil, binds = [], async: false)
  select_all(arel, name, binds, async: async).then(&:first)
end
select_rows (arel, name = nil, binds = [], async: false)

Returns an array of arrays containing the field values. Order is the same as that returned by columns.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 101
def select_rows(arel, name = nil, binds = [], async: false)
  select_all(arel, name, binds, async: async).then(&:rows)
end
select_value (arel, name = nil, binds = [], async: false)

Returns a single value from a record

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 89
def select_value(arel, name = nil, binds = [], async: false)
  select_rows(arel, name, binds, async: async).then { |rows| single_value_from_rows(rows) }
end
select_values (arel, name = nil, binds = [])

Returns an array of the values of the first column in a select:

select_values("SELECT id FROM companies LIMIT 3") => [1,2,3]

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 95
def select_values(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
  select_rows(arel, name, binds).map(&:first)
end
to_sql (arel_or_sql_string, binds = [])

Converts an arel AST to SQL

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 12
def to_sql(arel_or_sql_string, binds = [])
  sql, _ = to_sql_and_binds(arel_or_sql_string, binds)
  sql
end
transaction (requires_new: nil, isolation: nil) { |user_transaction| ... }

Runs the given block in a database transaction, and returns the result of the block.

Transaction callbacks ↑

transaction yields an ActiveRecord::Transaction object on which it is possible to register callback:

ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do |transaction|
  transaction.before_commit { puts "before commit!" }
  transaction.after_commit { puts "after commit!" }
  transaction.after_rollback { puts "after rollback!" }
end

Nested transactions support ↑

transaction calls can be nested. By default, this makes all database statements in the nested transaction block become part of the parent transaction. For example, the following behavior may be surprising:

ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
  Post.create(title: 'first')
  ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
    Post.create(title: 'second')
    raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
  end
end

This creates both “first” and “second” posts. Reason is the ActiveRecord::Rollback exception in the nested block does not issue a ROLLBACK. Since these exceptions are captured in transaction blocks, the parent block does not see it and the real transaction is committed.

Most databases don’t support true nested transactions. At the time of writing, the only database that supports true nested transactions that we’re aware of, is MS-SQL.

In order to get around this problem, transaction will emulate the effect of nested transactions, by using savepoints: dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/savepoint.html.

It is safe to call this method if a database transaction is already open, i.e. if transaction is called within another transaction block. In case of a nested call, transaction will behave as follows:

  • The block will be run without doing anything. All database statements that happen within the block are effectively appended to the already open database transaction.

  • However, if :requires_new is set, the block will be wrapped in a database savepoint acting as a sub-transaction.

In order to get a ROLLBACK for the nested transaction you may ask for a real sub-transaction by passing requires_new: true. If anything goes wrong, the database rolls back to the beginning of the sub-transaction without rolling back the parent transaction. If we add it to the previous example:

ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
  Post.create(title: 'first')
  ActiveRecord::Base.transaction(requires_new: true) do
    Post.create(title: 'second')
    raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
  end
end

only post with title “first” is created.

See ActiveRecord::Transactions to learn more.

Caveats ↑

MySQL doesn’t support DDL transactions. If you perform a DDL operation, then any created savepoints will be automatically released. For example, if you’ve created a savepoint, then you execute a CREATE TABLE statement, then the savepoint that was created will be automatically released.

This means that, on MySQL, you shouldn’t execute DDL operations inside a transaction call that you know might create a savepoint. Otherwise, transaction will raise exceptions when it tries to release the already-automatically-released savepoints:

Model.lease_connection.transaction do  # BEGIN
  Model.lease_connection.transaction(requires_new: true) do  # CREATE SAVEPOINT active_record_1
    Model.lease_connection.create_table(...)
    # active_record_1 now automatically released
  end  # RELEASE SAVEPOINT active_record_1  <--- BOOM! database error!
end

Transaction isolation ↑

If your database supports setting the isolation level for a transaction, you can set it like so:

Post.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
  # ...
end

Valid isolation levels are:

  • :read_uncommitted

  • :read_committed

  • :repeatable_read

  • :serializable

You should consult the documentation for your database to understand the semantics of these different levels:

An ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError will be raised if:

  • The adapter does not support setting the isolation level

  • You are joining an existing open transaction

  • You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction

The mysql2, trilogy, and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction isolation level.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 354
def transaction(requires_new: nil, isolation: nil, joinable: true, &block)
  if !requires_new && current_transaction.joinable?
    if isolation
      raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set isolation when joining a transaction"
    end
    yield current_transaction.user_transaction
  else
    transaction_manager.within_new_transaction(isolation: isolation, joinable: joinable, &block)
  end
rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
  # rollbacks are silently swallowed
end
transaction_isolation_levels () 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 414
def transaction_isolation_levels
  {
    read_uncommitted: "READ UNCOMMITTED",
    read_committed:   "READ COMMITTED",
    repeatable_read:  "REPEATABLE READ",
    serializable:     "SERIALIZABLE"
  }
end
transaction_open? () 
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 381
def transaction_open?
  current_transaction.open?
end
truncate (table_name, name = nil)

Executes the truncate statement.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 218
def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
  execute(build_truncate_statement(table_name), name)
end
update (arel, name = nil, binds = [])

Executes the update statement and returns the number of rows affected.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 206
def update(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
  sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds)
  exec_update(sql, name, binds)
end
write_query? (sql)

Determines whether the SQL statement is a write query.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb, line 118
def write_query?(sql)
  raise NotImplementedError
end