class ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter

Active Record PostgreSQL Adapter¶ ↑

The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (github.com/ged/ruby-pg) driver.

Options:

:host - Defaults to a Unix-domain socket in /tmp. On machines without Unix-domain sockets, the default is to connect to localhost.
:port - Defaults to 5432.
:username - Defaults to be the same as the operating system name of the user running the application.
:password - Password to be used if the server demands password authentication.
:database - Defaults to be the same as the username.
:schema_search_path - An optional schema search path for the connection given as a string of comma-separated schema names. This is backward-compatible with the :schema_order option.
:encoding - An optional client encoding that is used in a SET client_encoding TO <encoding> call on the connection.
:min_messages - An optional client min messages that is used in a SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages> call on the connection.
:variables - An optional hash of additional parameters that will be used in SET SESSION key = val calls on the connection.
:insert_returning - An optional boolean to control the use of RETURNING for INSERT statements defaults to true.

Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html for the list of parameters.

In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables. See www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-envars.html .

Constants

ADAPTER_NAME
DEADLOCK_DETECTED
DUPLICATE_DATABASE
FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
NOT_NULL_VIOLATION
NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
QUERY_CANCELED
SERIALIZATION_FAILURE
UNIQUE_VIOLATION
VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION: See www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html

Public Class Methods

create_unlogged_tables ()

PostgreSQL allows the creation of “unlogged” tables, which do not record data in the PostgreSQL Write-Ahead Log. This can make the tables faster, but significantly increases the risk of data loss if the database crashes. As a result, this should not be used in production environments. If you would like all created tables to be unlogged in the test environment you can add the following to your test.rb file:

ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_postgresqladapter) do
  self.create_unlogged_tables = true
end

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 105
class_attribute :create_unlogged_tables, default: false

datetime_type ()

PostgreSQL supports multiple types for DateTimes. By default, if you use datetime in migrations, Rails will translate this to a PostgreSQL “timestamp without time zone”. Change this in an initializer to use another NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES. For example, to store DateTimes as “timestamp with time zone”:

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :timestamptz

Or if you are adding a custom type:

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES[:my_custom_type] = { name: "my_custom_type_name" }
ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :my_custom_type

If you’re using :ruby as your config.active_record.schema_format and you change this setting, you should immediately run bin/rails db:migrate to update the types in your schema.rb.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 123
class_attribute :datetime_type, default: :timestamp

dbconsole (config, options = {})

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 73
def dbconsole(config, options = {})
  pg_config = config.configuration_hash

  ENV["PGUSER"]         = pg_config[:username] if pg_config[:username]
  ENV["PGHOST"]         = pg_config[:host] if pg_config[:host]
  ENV["PGPORT"]         = pg_config[:port].to_s if pg_config[:port]
  ENV["PGPASSWORD"]     = pg_config[:password].to_s if pg_config[:password] && options[:include_password]
  ENV["PGSSLMODE"]      = pg_config[:sslmode].to_s if pg_config[:sslmode]
  ENV["PGSSLCERT"]      = pg_config[:sslcert].to_s if pg_config[:sslcert]
  ENV["PGSSLKEY"]       = pg_config[:sslkey].to_s if pg_config[:sslkey]
  ENV["PGSSLROOTCERT"]  = pg_config[:sslrootcert].to_s if pg_config[:sslrootcert]
  if pg_config[:variables]
    ENV["PGOPTIONS"] = pg_config[:variables].filter_map do |name, value|
      "-c #{name}=#{value.to_s.gsub(/[ \\]/, '\\\\\0')}" unless value == ":default" || value == :default
    end.join(" ")
  end
  find_cmd_and_exec("psql", config.database)
end

decode_dates ()

Toggles automatic decoding of date columns.

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.select_value("select '2024-01-01'::date").class #=> String
ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.decode_dates = true
ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.select_value("select '2024-01-01'::date").class #=> Date

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 132
class_attribute :decode_dates, default: false

new (...)

Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.

Calls superclass method ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::QueryCache::new

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 316
def initialize(...)
  super

  conn_params = @config.compact

  # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
  conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
  conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]

  # Forward only valid config params to PG::Connection.connect.
  valid_conn_param_keys = PG::Connection.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
  conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)

  @connection_parameters = conn_params

  @max_identifier_length = nil
  @type_map = nil
  @raw_connection = nil
  @notice_receiver_sql_warnings = []

  @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
end

new_client (conn_params)

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 57
def new_client(conn_params)
  PG.connect(**conn_params)
rescue ::PG::Error => error
  if conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] == "postgres"
    raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
  elsif conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
    raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.db_error(conn_params[:dbname])
  elsif conn_params && conn_params[:user] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:user])
    raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.username_error(conn_params[:user])
  elsif conn_params && conn_params[:host] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:host])
    raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.hostname_error(conn_params[:host])
  else
    raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
  end
end

Public Instance Methods

active? ()

Is this connection alive and ready for queries?

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 344
def active?
  @lock.synchronize do
    return false unless @raw_connection
    @raw_connection.query ";"
  end
  true
rescue PG::Error
  false
end

add_enum_value (type_name, value, options = {})

Add enum value to an existing enum type.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 568
def add_enum_value(type_name, value, options = {})
  before, after = options.values_at(:before, :after)
  sql = +"ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(type_name)} ADD VALUE '#{value}'"

  if before && after
    raise ArgumentError, "Cannot have both :before and :after at the same time"
  elsif before
    sql << " BEFORE '#{before}'"
  elsif after
    sql << " AFTER '#{after}'"
  end

  execute(sql).tap { reload_type_map }
end

connected? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 339
def connected?
  !(@raw_connection.nil? || @raw_connection.finished?)
end

create_enum (name, values, **options)

Given a name and an array of values, creates an enum type.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 523
      def create_enum(name, values, **options)
        sql_values = values.map { |s| quote(s) }.join(", ")
        scope = quoted_scope(name)
        query = <<~SQL
          DO $$
          BEGIN
              IF NOT EXISTS (
                SELECT 1
                FROM pg_type t
                JOIN pg_namespace n ON t.typnamespace = n.oid
                WHERE t.typname = #{scope[:name]}
                  AND n.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}
              ) THEN
                  CREATE TYPE #{quote_table_name(name)} AS ENUM (#{sql_values});
              END IF;
          END
          $$;
        SQL
        internal_exec_query(query).tap { reload_type_map }
      end

disable_extension (name, force: false)

Removes an extension from the database.

:force: Set to :cascade to drop dependent objects as well. Defaults to false.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 481
def disable_extension(name, force: false)
  internal_exec_query("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS \"#{name}\"#{' CASCADE' if force == :cascade}").tap {
    reload_type_map
  }
end

disconnect! ()

Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this method does nothing.

Calls superclass method ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#disconnect!

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 381
def disconnect!
  @lock.synchronize do
    super
    @raw_connection&.close rescue nil
    @raw_connection = nil
  end
end

drop_enum (name, values = nil, **options)

Drops an enum type.

If the if_exists: true option is provided, the enum is dropped only if it exists. Otherwise, if the enum doesn’t exist, an error is raised.

The values parameter will be ignored if present. It can be helpful to provide this in a migration’s change method so it can be reverted. In that case, values will be used by create_enum.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 553
      def drop_enum(name, values = nil, **options)
        query = <<~SQL
          DROP TYPE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(name)};
        SQL
        internal_exec_query(query).tap { reload_type_map }
      end

enable_extension (name, **)

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 468
def enable_extension(name, **)
  schema, name = name.to_s.split(".").values_at(-2, -1)
  sql = +"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\""
  sql << " SCHEMA #{schema}" if schema

  internal_exec_query(sql).tap { reload_type_map }
end

enum_types ()

Returns a list of defined enum types, and their values.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 500
      def enum_types
        query = <<~SQL
          SELECT
            type.typname AS name,
            type.OID AS oid,
            n.nspname AS schema,
            string_agg(enum.enumlabel, ',' ORDER BY enum.enumsortorder) AS value
          FROM pg_enum AS enum
          JOIN pg_type AS type ON (type.oid = enum.enumtypid)
          JOIN pg_namespace n ON type.typnamespace = n.oid
          WHERE n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
          GROUP BY type.OID, n.nspname, type.typname;
        SQL

        internal_exec_query(query, "SCHEMA", allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false).cast_values.each_with_object({}) do |row, memo|
          name, schema = row[0], row[2]
          schema = nil if schema == current_schema
          full_name = [schema, name].compact.join(".")
          memo[full_name] = row.last
        end.to_a
      end

extension_available? (name)

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 487
def extension_available?(name)
  query_value("SELECT true FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
end

extension_enabled? (name)

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 491
def extension_enabled?(name)
  query_value("SELECT installed_version IS NOT NULL FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
end

extensions ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 495
def extensions
  internal_exec_query("SELECT extname FROM pg_extension", "SCHEMA", allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false).cast_values
end

index_algorithms ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 287
def index_algorithms
  { concurrently: "CONCURRENTLY" }
end

max_identifier_length ()

Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 598
def max_identifier_length
  @max_identifier_length ||= query_value("SHOW max_identifier_length", "SCHEMA").to_i
end

rename_enum (name, options = {})

Rename an existing enum type to something else.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 561
def rename_enum(name, options = {})
  to = options.fetch(:to) { raise ArgumentError, ":to is required" }

  exec_query("ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{to}").tap { reload_type_map }
end

rename_enum_value (type_name, options = {})

Rename enum value on an existing enum type.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 584
def rename_enum_value(type_name, options = {})
  unless database_version >= 10_00_00 # >= 10.0
    raise ArgumentError, "Renaming enum values is only supported in PostgreSQL 10 or later"
  end

  from = options.fetch(:from) { raise ArgumentError, ":from is required" }
  to = options.fetch(:to) { raise ArgumentError, ":to is required" }

  execute("ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(type_name)} RENAME VALUE '#{from}' TO '#{to}'").tap {
    reload_type_map
  }
end

reset! ()

Calls superclass method ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#reset!

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 366
def reset!
  @lock.synchronize do
    return connect! unless @raw_connection

    unless @raw_connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
      @raw_connection.query "ROLLBACK"
    end
    @raw_connection.query "DISCARD ALL"

    super
  end
end

session_auth= (user)

Set the authorized user for this session

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 603
def session_auth=(user)
  clear_cache!
  internal_execute("SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}", nil, materialize_transactions: true)
end

set_standard_conforming_strings ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 407
def set_standard_conforming_strings
  internal_execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = on")
end

supports_advisory_locks? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 415
def supports_advisory_locks?
  true
end

supports_bulk_alter? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 188
def supports_bulk_alter?
  true
end

supports_check_constraints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 220
def supports_check_constraints?
  true
end

supports_comments? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 252
def supports_comments?
  true
end

supports_common_table_expressions? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 446
def supports_common_table_expressions?
  true
end

supports_datetime_with_precision? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 244
def supports_datetime_with_precision?
  true
end

supports_ddl_transactions? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 411
def supports_ddl_transactions?
  true
end

supports_deferrable_constraints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 236
def supports_deferrable_constraints?
  true
end

supports_exclusion_constraints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 224
def supports_exclusion_constraints?
  true
end

supports_explain? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 419
def supports_explain?
  true
end

supports_expression_index? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 208
def supports_expression_index?
  true
end

supports_extensions? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 423
def supports_extensions?
  true
end

supports_foreign_keys? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 216
def supports_foreign_keys?
  true
end

supports_foreign_tables? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 431
def supports_foreign_tables?
  true
end

supports_index_include? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 204
def supports_index_include?
  database_version >= 11_00_00 # >= 11.0
end

supports_index_sort_order? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 192
def supports_index_sort_order?
  true
end

supports_insert_conflict_target? ()

Alias for: supports_insert_on_conflict?

supports_insert_on_conflict? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 268
def supports_insert_on_conflict?
  database_version >= 9_05_00 # >= 9.5
end

Also aliased as: supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?, supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?, supports_insert_conflict_target?

supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? ()

Alias for: supports_insert_on_conflict?

supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? ()

Alias for: supports_insert_on_conflict?

supports_insert_returning? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 264
def supports_insert_returning?
  true
end

supports_json? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 248
def supports_json?
  true
end

supports_lazy_transactions? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 450
def supports_lazy_transactions?
  true
end

supports_materialized_views? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 427
def supports_materialized_views?
  true
end

supports_nulls_not_distinct? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 283
def supports_nulls_not_distinct?
  database_version >= 15_00_00 # >= 15.0
end

supports_optimizer_hints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 439
def supports_optimizer_hints?
  unless defined?(@has_pg_hint_plan)
    @has_pg_hint_plan = extension_available?("pg_hint_plan")
  end
  @has_pg_hint_plan
end

supports_partial_index? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 200
def supports_partial_index?
  true
end

supports_partitioned_indexes? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 196
def supports_partitioned_indexes?
  database_version >= 11_00_00 # >= 11.0
end

supports_pgcrypto_uuid? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 435
def supports_pgcrypto_uuid?
  database_version >= 9_04_00 # >= 9.4
end

supports_restart_db_transaction? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 260
def supports_restart_db_transaction?
  database_version >= 12_00_00 # >= 12.0
end

supports_savepoints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 256
def supports_savepoints?
  true
end

supports_transaction_isolation? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 212
def supports_transaction_isolation?
  true
end

supports_unique_constraints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 228
def supports_unique_constraints?
  true
end

supports_validate_constraints? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 232
def supports_validate_constraints?
  true
end

supports_views? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 240
def supports_views?
  true
end

supports_virtual_columns? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 275
def supports_virtual_columns?
  database_version >= 12_00_00 # >= 12.0
end

use_insert_returning? ()

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb, line 608
def use_insert_returning?
  @use_insert_returning
end